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Tirzepatide Script

An engineered reading of the dual-incretin record — what the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trials measured of beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity, told with motorsport precision.

Tirzepatide references: Where did each finding come from?

Where can you find the papers about Tirzepatide?

A striking weight claim needs more than a large number behind it. Your numbered notes lead to the papers listed below. PubMed is a public library of study summaries with links to papers. Your links may open the paper or its PubMed summary.

  1. Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018. ↗
  2. Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. ↗
  3. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. ↗
  4. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. ↗
  5. Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  6. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. ↗
  7. Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide. StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. ↗
  8. Heise T, et al. Effects of subcutaneous tirzepatide versus placebo or semaglutide on pancreatic islet function and insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-arm, phase 1 clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022. ↗
  9. Heise T, et al. Tirzepatide Improved Markers of Islet Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. ↗
  10. Thomas MK, et al. Tirzepatide as Monotherapy Improved Markers of Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1). J Endocr Soc. 2023. ↗
  11. Giorgino F, et al. Early Fasting Serum Glucose or Weight Reduction With Tirzepatide and Metabolic Outcomes in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Trials. Diabetes Care. 2025. ↗
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label, type 2 diabetes indication). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. ↗
  13. Mishra R, et al. Tirzepatide-Induced Gastrointestinal Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023. ↗
  14. Shen P, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with tirzepatide: A bibliometric and pharmacovigilance analysis. PLoS One. 2026. ↗
  15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval for chronic weight management (tirzepatide) — press announcement and label record. FDA News & Events. 2023. ↗
  16. Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  17. Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  18. Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  19. Hamamoto Y, et al. Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Function Following Tirzepatide in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A SURPASS J-mono Analysis. Diabetes Ther. 2025. ↗
  20. Mari A, et al. Tirzepatide Treatment and Associated Changes in Beta-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With Obesity or Overweight With Prediabetes or Normoglycemia: A Post Hoc Analysis From the SURMOUNT-1 Trial. Diabetes Care. 2025. ↗
  21. Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. ↗
  22. Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review. Drugs. 2026. ↗
  23. Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. ↗
  24. Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes or obesity with a history of acute pancreatitis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. ↗
  25. Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Clinical Trials. Diabetes Ther. 2025. ↗
  26. Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  27. Locatelli JC, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024. ↗
  28. Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and body habitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2025. ↗
  29. Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024. ↗
  30. Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide Withdrawal in Adults With Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURMOUNT-4 Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  31. Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. ↗
  32. Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. ↗
  33. Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025). Healthcare (Basel). 2025. ↗
  34. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. ↗
  35. Campbell JE, et al. GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist therapies for diabetes and weight loss — chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2023. ↗
  36. Kamrul-Hasan ABM, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Tirzepatide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Studies. Endocr Pract. 2026. ↗